History-Vedic Litrture

Vedic Literature

Veda means knowledge

Vedic literature includes all the four Vedas, Brahmnas, Aryankas and Upanishadas.

Rigveda

Rigveda is the earliest Veda

Rig means hymns.

Rigveda is divided into 10 mandalas.

Mandalas are further divided in to Astakas and Suktas.

Rigvedas comprises 1028 hymns.

Total hymns is all vedas are 20,000.

The last 11 hymns are known Balakhilya (second to seventh mandala are known as Family Text) which are considered as the oldest part of Rigveda.

Third mandala of Rigveda comprises Gaytri Mantra, composed by Viswamitra.   

Gaytri Mantra is dedicated to savitur who was deity of Sun family.

Fourth Mandala consists of references of agricultural work.

Sixth mandala depicts the word Haryupia which has been related with Harappa.

Ninth mandala is dedicated to soma.

First type Krishna's description has been found in Chandogya Upnishad.

Tenth mandala (Purusha Sukta) describes about the four varnas known as Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and sudra.

Samanean ‘to Sing’.

Except 78 hymns all the other hymns of this Veda have been taken from Rigveda.

Yajurveda

Yajurveda is an elaborate elucidation of rituals.
Krishan-yajurveda comprises description in prose.

Atharvveda

Atharvveda is related with some non-Aryan traditions like magical charm and spell.

Brahman literature is descriptive detail about Sacrament, sacrifices and different rites and rituals.

Aitreya and Kausitaki Brahman are related with Rigveda.

Vedang Literature

Sikha (Phonetics) - Yaska is the first known writer on Sikha.

Kalpa - (Rituals) - There are three Sutras Dharma, Sraut and Grihya.

Sulva Sutra describes about geometry

Nirukta (Elymology)

Chhanda (Metre) - Pingal was the greatest author on Chhanda Shastra.

Vyakaran (Grammer) - Panini wrote Astadhyayi, Katyayan Vartika and Patanjali- Mahabhasya.

Jyotisha (Astrology) - No particular book on Vedanga Jyotitha is available

Smirti Literature

Manu Smriti is the earliest smriti.It was compiled during the period of Kanava ruler.
It calls foreign rulers Adham kula Kshatriya.
It criticises violation of varnasharma order.
According to it Niyog is Kalivaijya means strictly restricted in kali era.

Yajnalkya smriti - first described about the origin of Kaysthas.

Narad smriti - describes about rituals related with manumission of seth.

Parasar smriti - describes about a number or classes of Brahmanas especially rich class of  land owning Brahmanas who were against accepting alms.
 

Puranas

Puranas have five important features.

Sarg

Pratisarg

Vansa

Manvantar

Varsanucharit

Vansanucharit means geneology

Vayu puran mentions about geography of Indian culture and about prominent Indian dynasties like Nanda, Maurya, Sunga, Satvahana and Gupta.

Srimad bhagvat purana is the. greatest puran in respect to Bhakti cult.

Vayu and Vishnu Puran mention India's geography.

Vishnu dharmottara puran depicts about wall paintings and iconometry. 

Technical and Scientific Literature

Avurveda:

Ashwini Kumars. were physicians of the celestial world who got the knowledge of Ayurveda from Brahma.

Dhanvantri is considered as father of Ayurveda system.

Athraveda gives first hand information about Ayurveda.

Charaka who belonged to kushana period wrote charak samihta.

Shshurut wrote Shrshrut Samhita which also mentions about surgical operation.

Vagbhata wrote Astang thidya which mentions about eight major organs of human body.

Veterinary Science:

Salihanna wrote on Asva Chikitsa.

Palkappya wrote on Gaja chikitsa

Botany:

Vriksha parasar describes about numerous medicinal herbs and plants.

Astrology/Astronomy:

Vedang Jyotisha is considered as the earliest text on astrology as on well as astronomy but it is not available.

Aryabhatta wrote Surya Sidhantika.

Varahamihir wrote Pancha Sidhantika, Vrihatjatak, L.aghu Jatak and Vrihat Samhita on astrology.

Brahm Gupta wrote Brahmsphuta Sidhanta.

Mathematics:

Sulva Sutra describes about vedic alters.

This is the earliest text which comprises information on geometry.

Aryabhatta wrote Arybhattiyam which describes about decimal system and about zero.

Bhaskaracharya wrote Lilavati

Architecture:

Manual of Architecture is known as Silpa Sastra.

Earliest information about painting and iconometry is given in Visnudharmottara Purana.

Mayamatta, Ishan Visva gurudeo Padhati and Aparajitpnksha are some of the best known texts on Indian Architecture.

Biographical Literature:

Banabhatta - Elarsha Chant (Pushyabhuti ruler of Kanauj).

Vilhan - Vikramanakdevcharitam (Chalukyan ruler of Kalyani)

Anand bhatta - Ballal charita

Sandhyakarnandi - Rampalcharit

Jayanak - Prithavi Raj Chant

Hem chandra - Kumar Pal Chant

Panmal Gupta - Navshashsanka Chant

Jayagondar - Kalingatupani

Otakuttan - Kulatingam

Buddhist Literature

Tripitaka

Sutta Pitak - Teachings and preaching of Lord Buddha

Vinay Pitak - Monastical rules and regulations/discipline and order.

Abhidhamm Pitak - Metaphysical and esoteric ideas

Jain Literature

12 Angas

12 Upanga

10 Prakirnaka

6 Chhedli Sutra

4 Mula Sutra

Acharang Sutra - Monastical discipline

Bhagvatti Suta - Life and teaching of Mahavira LF

Nayadhani Kahasutra - Gospel of Mahavira

Tattvarthadigam sutra - This accepted my both Digambura and Svetambara.Churnika - commentary on Angas and Upangas.

Epigraphical Sources

The earliest written records have been found from Harappa, but the script has not been deciphered.

James Princep deciphered Ashokan Inscription in 1837.

Ashokan inscription’s were written in Prakrit language and. mainly in Brahmi script.

Dhandeva's inscription of Pusyamitra describe about Asvamegha Yajan performed by him.

Helioderus pillar inscription also called Besanagar Garudadhwaj describes about the cult of Panchvrishtii Veera.

Ghosuandi inscription describes about Bhagvat cult.

Girnar inscription was first inscription of Sanskrit language about Saka ruler Rudradaman I.

Numismatical Sources

Harappans did not use coin.

Rigveda mentions Niska griva.

Later Vedic literature mention about Satman and Krishanal.

Coinage system evolved in 6th cent. B.C.

The earliest coins belong to Magadha and Kosala.

The early coins are punch marked.

Our earliest coin was made of silver.

They have been called Kasarpan.

Arthashastra mentions about Pan, masaka and Kakini.